All configuration files for security audit are found in /etc/security. The following files must be present before the audit daemon is started:
audit_class - Contains the definitions of the audit classes.
audit_control - Controls aspects of the audit subsystem, such as default audit classes, minimum disk space to leave on the audit log volume, maximum audit trail size, etc.
audit_event - Textual names and descriptions of system audit events, as well as a list of which classes each event is in.
audit_user - User-specific audit requirements, which are combined with the global defaults at login.
audit_warn - A customizable shell script used by auditd to generate warning messages in exceptional situations, such as when space for audit records is running low or when the audit trail file has been rotated.
Warning: Audit configuration files should be edited and maintained carefully, as errors in configuration may result in improper logging of events.
Selection expressions are used in a number of places in the audit configuration to determine which events should be audited. Expressions contain a list of event classes to match, each with a prefix indicating whether matching records should be accepted or ignored, and optionally to indicate if the entry is intended to match successful or failed operations. Selection expressions are evaluated from left to right, and two expressions are combined by appending one onto the other.
The following list contains the default audit event classes present in audit_class:
all - all - Match all event classes.
ad - administrative - Administrative actions performed on the system as a whole.
ap - application - Application defined action.
cl - file
close - Audit calls to the close system
call.
ex - exec - Audit program execution. Auditing of command line arguments and environmental variables is controlled via audit_control(5) using the argv and envv parameters to the policy setting.
fa - file attribute access - Audit the access of object attributes such as stat(1), pathconf(2) and similar events.
fc - file create - Audit events where a file is created as a result.
fd - file delete - Audit events where file deletion occurs.
fm - file attribute modify - Audit events where file attribute modification occurs, such as chown(8), chflags(1), flock(2), etc.
fr - file read - Audit events in which data is read, files are opened for reading, etc.
fw - file write - Audit events in which data is written, files are written or modified, etc.
io - ioctl - Audit use of the ioctl(2) system call.
ip - ipc - Audit various forms of Inter-Process Communication, including POSIX pipes and System V IPC operations.
lo - login_logout - Audit login(1) and logout(1) events occurring on the system.
na - non attributable - Audit non-attributable events.
no - invalid class - Match no audit events.
nt - network - Audit events related to network actions, such as connect(2) and accept(2).
ot - other - Audit miscellaneous events.
pc - process - Audit process operations, such as exec(3) and exit(3).
These audit event classes may be customized by modifying the audit_class and audit_event configuration files.
Each audit class in the list is combined with a prefix indicating whether successful/failed operations are matched, and whether the entry is adding or removing matching for the class and type.
(none) Audit both successful and failed instances of the event.
+ Audit successful events in this class.
- Audit failed events in this class.
^ Audit neither successful nor failed events in this class.
^+ Do not audit successful events in this class.
^- Do not audit failed events in this class.
The following example selection string selects both successful and failed login/logout events, but only successful execution events:
lo,+ex
In most cases, administrators will need to modify only two files when configuring the audit system: audit_control and audit_user. The first controls system-wide audit properties and policies; the second may be used to fine-tune auditing by user.
The audit_control file specifies a number of defaults for the audit subsystem. Viewing the contents of this file, we see the following:
dir:/var/audit flags:lo minfree:20 naflags:lo policy:cnt filesz:0
The dir option is used to set one or more
directories where audit logs will be stored. If more than one directory entry
appears, they will be used in order as they fill. It is common to configure audit
so that audit logs are stored on a dedicated file system, in order to prevent
interference between the audit subsystem and other subsystems if the file system
fills.
The flags field sets the system-wide default
preselection mask for attributable events. In the example above, successful and
failed login and logout events are audited for all users.
The minfree option defines the minimum percentage of
free space for the file system where the audit trail is stored. When this threshold
is exceeded, a warning will be generated. The above example sets the minimum free
space to twenty percent.
The naflags option specifies audit classes to be
audited for non-attributed events, such as the login process and system
daemons.
The policy option specifies a comma-separated list
of policy flags controlling various aspects of audit behavior. The default
cnt flag indicates that the system should continue running
despite an auditing failure (this flag is highly recommended). Another commonly
used flag is argv, which causes command line arguments
to the execve(2) system call
to be audited as part of command execution.
The filesz option specifies the maximum size in
bytes to allow an audit trail file to grow to before automatically terminating and
rotating the trail file. The default, 0, disables automatic log rotation. If the
requested file size is non-zero and below the minimum 512k, it will be
ignored and a log message will be generated.
The audit_user file permits the administrator to specify further audit requirements for specific users. Each line configures auditing for a user via two fields: the first is the alwaysaudit field, which specifies a set of events that should always be audited for the user, and the second is the neveraudit field, which specifies a set of events that should never be audited for the user.
The following example audit_user file audits login/logout events and successful command execution for the root user, and audits file creation and successful command execution for the www user. If used with the example audit_control file above, the lo entry for root is redundant, and login/logout events will also be audited for the www user.
root:lo,+ex:no www:fc,+ex:no